Basically, a transmitter is a signal conditioner. It accepts a low level input signal from a sensor, a millivolt signal from a thermocouple or a resistance signal from an RTD (Pt100), and provides an output signal that is directly proportional to the input-signal. Most transmitters provide a current output signal (generally 4-20 mA or 0-20mA signal) rather than a voltage output.
Conversion to a current signal virtually eliminates any interference from line noise and allows accurate transmission over relatively long distances using ordinary uncompensated copper wire. The use of expensive thermocouple wire or extension wire is no longer necessary.
Transmitters are available in both isolated and non-isolated versions. Isolated transmitters are used to provide galvanic separation between the sensor input and signal output. When grounded sensors are used or leakage to ground occurs (with ungrounded thermocouples), isolated transmitters must be used.